Interpretation free essay sample

The interpretations that will be analyzing argue whether the Marshall Plan was mainly motivated by the altruistic desire to help the economic recovery of Europe. It is my view that nothing is altruistic and that every action has varying degrees of a self- beneficial motive. Michael Buffalo writes in The Adversaries published in 1981 his view that the Marshall plan was a protective device against that potential spread of communism. Buffalo suggests that hunger due to economic downfall results in people turning to communism for a solution to their hardship.However, Buffalo did not think that the Marshall Plan alone was strong enough to deter communism, he envisaged a plan to boost capitalism and build a strong military presence in Europe. In the passage, Buffalo admits that .. He Plan would never had been granted by congress unless a considerable amount of emphasis had been laid on the danger of communism in Europe . We will write a custom essay sample on Interpretation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The US does not want to conclude World War Two by entering into an ideological war with communism, therefore congress would vote against any action that could be viewed as taking an offensive maneuver against communism more specifically, the Soviet Union. This extract brings into question the validity of any reference that Buffalo makes about the threat of communism because evidence or strategies presented before congress would be exaggerated or modified in other ways to try to invoice them to take action against communism. One non-aggressive action that Buffalo suggests is to Win the mouths and minds of the West European peoples so as to prevent them from turning communist . It was common knowledge that Greece and Turkey especially were facing a very rapid increase in poverty, with many families unable to feed themselves. Marshall himself thought that poverty was a breeding ground for communism. If the people of Europe saw capitalism as a reliable means of sustainability during times of economic hardship, they would be less inclined to turn to communism as the solution to their hunger. Buffalo goes on to say that the Marshall Plan was initially motivated by soft tactics to defend against communism, but Later came to be given a more military significance Buffalo saw Rupees Great Powers (Britain and France) as crippled and weak. Britains economy was devastated after the war and France had been ravaged by the prolonged Nazi occupation.Buffalo saw the plan as a means Of [Providing] armies which would be strong enough. .. To recover the position which had been lost between 1944 and 1947 . J. C. Caddis agrees with Buffalo that the greatest threat to western interests was.. . The risk that anger, poverty, and despair might cause Europeans to vote their own communists into office. It was not the external communism force from the Soviet Join that was the biggest concern, rather than the small, but slowly growing, communist groups within the European nations themselves that was the issue.However, Caddis does not mention any military significance or motivation to the Marshall Plan. Speaking in 2003, Secretary of State Colic Powell explains that if you only have hard power (referring to military power) then you are often faced with situations that are impossible to resolve. .. . It was not soft power that freed Europe. It was hard power. And what followed immediately after hard power? Did the United States ask for dominion over a single nation in Europe? No. Soft power came in the Marshall Plan. (Powell, 2003). This challenges Buffalos view that the Marshall Plan later accumulated a military motive (hard power) by saying that any military involvement would not help Europe recover after the World War. Buffalos interpretation of the Marshall Plan being a tool to prevent the spread of communism throughout Europe is backed up by providing details of real threats to capitalism in Europe and how the Marshall Plan was used to eliminate those threats whilst also aiding Rupees recovery using soft tactics.Although the military significance is disputed, Buffalo gives an interpretation of the Marshall Plan not being altruistic. The Long Telegram identified the Soviet Unions growing hostility of the nations of Europe, but did not offer a solution to the threat of communism. The European Recovery Programmer was the answer to the problem. It is the interpretation of J. L. Caddis, writing in The Cold War, published in 2003, that it was a political grand strategy for gaining political superiority in the emerging cold war through economic means. As mentioned in the previous arcograph, Caddis sees the main threat that nations own communist parties will be elected into office as a result of hunger and despair. The communist parties who would rise to power Would obediently serve Moscow wishes . This was a good strategy implemented in various situations by the Soviet Union to gain control of a nation without any direct involvement regarding the capture of the country, but instead would use communism as a natural link between both states. Naturally, the Soviet Union would take the leading role, influencing communist nations politics. Caddis views that Marshall plan s a remedy to this problem by offering an alternative to voting communism and stopping people thinking of communism as a solution in the first place: American economic assistance would produce immediate psychological benefits and later material ones that would reverse this trend . Caddis goes on to say that such an act would put more strain on the Unites States-Soviet Union relationship as Stalin would not allow such aid to be given to satellite states And that the USA could then seize the geopolitical and the moral initiative in the emerging Cold War .Caddis identifies that the US did not offer Marshall Aid exclusively to Europe, but also offered financial assistance to the Soviet Union. This could be viewed as a tourist because in offering aid to the Soviet Union, the Plan no longer acts against communism. However, The United States only offered Stalin aid because they knew that he would never accept it; therefore the Marshall plan could take an offensive stance against communism whilst under the guise of offering impartial, altruistic assistance to all nations, capitalist and communist alike.The fear of elected communist parties being controlled by the Soviet Union was entirely justified. Founded in 1947, the Communist Information Bureau was an official forum of the international communist movement. Its intended purpose was to coordinate actions between Communist parties under Soviet direction . This supports the view that the Marshall Plan was used to stop independent communist parties in Europe from rising to power and eventually uniting under one banner. Caddis interpretation supports Buffalos interpretation by identifying the threat of poverty encouraging support of communist movements.Furthermore, it presents the Marshall plan as a solution to this problem, whilst providing economic assistance to Europe. Therefore, it is Caddis view that the Marshall Plan did not have an altruistic motive, but an altruistic disguise. It is the interpretation of Martin McCauley, writing in The Origins of the Cold War, published in 1 983, that the Marshall Plan was a way of uniting Europe both politically and economically. It would unite Europe through a united capitalist market by providing aid to Europe as one single entity, rather than to offer assistance to individual divisions within Europe.McCauley says that . .. Small economic units in a divided Europe could not prosper; Europe had to unite so as to provide a market large enough to justify modern mass- production techniques . During the war, Americas economy boomed as they sold countless war supplies to the allied forces. The US economy relies on a strong European economy to trade with. The growth of communism throughout Europe can be seen as Americas trade market decreasing. Objectively, a strong capitalist European economy would take an increasing amount of IIS goods, benefiting the US economy. Moreover, Strong Europe would be a powerful bulwark against communist expansion . If Europe as a single entity is united by capitalism, communism will find it incredibly difficult to establish a foothold. On the other hand, if the Marshall Plan was to only offer aid to a number of individual entities within Europe, there are gaps in the defensive barrier (capitalism) that communism could take. Macaulays interpretation is challenged by Tony Judd; The fact that money from Marshall Aid was to be confined to the West. .. Made it easier for Truman to secure passage [of the Marshall Plan] through congress .This is similar to what Buffalo says in his interpretation (that information had to be manipulated in such a way so that congress would not see the Marshall Plan s an offensive strategy against eastern communism). Judd goes on to say that Marshall Aid was to be offered to countries without distinction between capitalists and communists. This challenges the view that Marshall Aid was introduced to unite Europe under capitalism. On the other hand, there are statistics that show the expansion of Rupees economy as a result of funding from the US; . ..Economic assistance given to Europe amounted to a small percentage (1. 2%) of US gross national product, [but] it produced good results in Europe Rupees GNP rose from about $1 20 billion in 1947 to almost $1 60 lion in 1951 . McCauley interpretation is altruistic to a point. He views the Marshall Plan as a means to solve Rupees economic problems collectively whilst keeping countries such as France secure. However, the fact that a strong economy in Europe correlates to a strong American economy cannot be ignored. Overall, McCauley interpretation is not altruistic.Tony Just interpretation is the most altruistic of the four and is similar to McCauley interpretation. Judd argues that the motive behind Marshall Aid was to reform the European economy as a whole and to promote free trade ND prosperity in Europe. Judd tells us that initially congress was told that Marshall Aid was to be exclusive to Western Europe to persuade congress to support the motion. However this soon changed; In June 1 947 The offer of aid through Marshals new programmer was made to all European countries without distinction .In addition, the US supported European countries tremendously. The programmer obliged governments to plan ahead and calculate future investment needs.. . It [introduced constraints] to collaborate in planning increased rates of output and conditions likely to facilitate them The productivity missions funded by the Marshall Plan , brought to the LOS many thousands Of managers, technicians and trade unions to study the American way of business . This was so much more than merely offering Europe financial aid, it was indeed the economic reform of Europe.McCauley only goes as far as to say that America gave Europe money so that the economy would grow. This is not altruistic as the growth in the European economy would boost the US economy in turn. The small investment would yield a far greater return. However, if that small investment was something much more than simply 1 of Americas gross national product, but additional assistance in the form of the implementation of plans and teaching foreign workers how to prosper as a business, the interpretation becomes more supportive of the Marshall Plan having an altruistic motive.

Essay Political Campaign Race

Essay Political Campaign Race Essay Political Campaign Race Jarrod Brown 11/17/10 Nevada Gubernatorial Race: 2010 Nevada, the home of the infamous adult playground Las Vegas was admitted into the United States of America under Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Admission into the union was rushed to help ensure Lincoln's reelection for his second term. The state held strong ties to big business and helped lead to Lincoln winning the election. The history of Governors in Nevada is split almost even with thier being only a handfull more republicans throughout history than democrats, and a handful of silver party members serving as well. Governors in Nevada are limited to serve two terms of four years each. The race for governor this year was never really a tight one as Brian Sandoval held the lead in polls throughout the race, it was still a competitive fight between Sandoval and Rory Reid. Much controversey did however make the republican nomination interesting. (Huffington Post 2) As time led to the primary elections the bid for the democratic nomination might as well have been uncontested. Rory Reid, C hairman of the Clark County Commission,only had an opponent by definition from Frederick L. Conquest. Reid the son of senate majority leader Harry Reid, easily took the win in the primary election becoming the democratic nominee and awaiting to see who would rise to face him from the complicated republican side. (Center for Politics) The exciting part of the entire election lies within the republican primaries. Incumbant Governor Jim Gibbons who had served eight years in congress, and had also attmepted a run at governor of Nevada in 1994, was rumored to not be running for re-election. Personal and political problems plagued Gibbons reputation. A questionable divorce, rumors of affairs and the terrible state in which Nevada citizens found thier economy in, were all reasons that Gibbons was beleived to not be running. Nonetheless, in March of 2010 Gibbons pushed onward toward being re-elected and made his bid for the republican nomination. His oposition was former federal judge Bri an Sandoval. Sandoval held a double digit lead in the polls during most of the months leading up to the election. The polls held true and Gibbons was the first incumbent in Nevada history to not continue on to another term. (Center for Politics) Current Mayor of Las Vegas Oscar Goodman was on the verge of running on an independent platform. With his final term coming to an end in 2011 the 69-year-old mayor considered running for Governor but decided he would rather stay closer to home. After three terms he would have surely added an unpredictable variable to the race, pulling support from unafilliated voters and those who already support him. He spoke with Jesse Ventura, former governor of Minnesota about running as an independant, that being how Ventura ran and won his election.(Ball)Without his bid there were no major third party candidates for governor in 2010 for Nevada. Rory Reid, the democratic candidate, was born in Alexandria, Virginia in 1963. The former sports writer for the Las Vegas Sun, began his political career in 2002 when he was elected to the Clark County Commission and reelected n 2006. Reid acted as Hillary Clinton's campaign chairman in 2008 for Nevada. The law school graduate. In October of 2009 Reid formally declared that he would be running for governor and had plans for creating new jobs for the state and its crippled economy. Brian Sandoval Born in 1963 in Redding California. At the start of his career in 1994 Sandoval was elected to two terms in the Nevada Assembly. During his four years on assembly he helped push 14 bills through that became laws. After the assembly Sandoval served as a member of the Nevada Gaming Commission, helping regulate the gaming industry in Nevada. Just one year later Sandoval became the chairman of the gaming

Direct Object Pronouns in Italian

Direct Object Pronouns in Italian â€Å"I’m reading a book. I’m reading the book for my Italian course. My husband bought the book as well because he is taking the same course.† When you read the three sentences above, they sound pretty choppy and that’s because instead of using a pronoun, like â€Å"it,† the person speaking is just saying â€Å"book† over and over again. This is why pronouns, and in this particular case, direct object pronouns are such an  important topic to understand in Italian. What is a direct object? A direct object is the direct recipient of the action of a verb. Let us explain that with some more examples. I invite the boys. Whom do I invite? → The boys.He reads the book. What does he read? →   The book. The nouns boys and books are both direct objects because they answer the question what? or whom? When you study verbs in Italian, you may often see a note about whether a verb is transitive or intransitive. While there is a lot to know about those verbs, I want you to simply note that verbs that take a direct object are called transitive verbs. Verbs that do not take a direct object (she walks, I sleep) are intransitive. As we saw in our first example, direct object pronouns exist because they replace direct object nouns. I invite the boys. I invite them.He reads the book. He reads it. Here’s what direct object pronouns (i pronomi diretti) look like: SINGULAR PLURAL mi me ci us ti you (informal) vi you (informal) La you (formal m. and f.) Li you (form., m.) Le you (form., f.) lo him, it li them (m. and f.) la her, it le them (f.) Where do direct object pronouns go? A direct object pronoun is placed immediately before a conjugated verb. Se vedo i ragazzi, li invito. - If I see the boys, I’ll invite them.Compra la frutta e la mangia. - He buys the fruit and eats it. In a negative sentence, the word  non  must come before the object pronoun. Non la mangia. - He doesn’t eat it.Perchà ¨ non li inviti? - Why don’t you invite them? The object pronoun can also be attached to the end of an  infinitive, but note that the final –e of the infinitive is dropped. È importante mangiarla ogni giorno. - It is important to eat it every day.È una buona idea invitarli. It’s a good idea to invite them. FUN FACT: You’ll notice that when you use a direct object pronoun in the  past tense that it will often connect with a  conjugation of the verb â€Å"avere†. For example, â€Å"Non l’ho letto - I didn’t read it†. The â€Å"lo† connects with â€Å"ho† and creates one word â€Å"l’ho†. However, keep in mind that the  plural forms li and le never connect with any conjugations of the verb â€Å"avere†, like â€Å"Non li ho comprati - I didn’t buy them†. You may also see: M’ama, non m’ama. (Mi ama, non mi ama.). - He loves me, he loves me not.Il passaporto? Loro non (ce) l’hanno (lo hanno). - The passport? They don’t have it. Which verbs take a direct object? A few Italian verbs that take a direct object, such as ascoltare, aspettare, cercare, and guardare, correspond to English verbs that are used with prepositions (to listen to, to wait for, to look for, to look at). That means that you don’t have to use â€Å"per - for† when saying â€Å"Who are looking for?† in Italian. A: Chi cerchi? - Who are you looking for? B: Cerco il mio ragazzo. Lo cerco gi da mezz’ora! - I’m looking for my boyfriend. I’ve been looking for him for half an hour! What about â€Å"ecco†? â€Å"Ecco† is often used with direct object pronouns, and they attach to the end of the word to mean â€Å"here I am, here you are, here he is†, and so on. Dov’à ¨ la signorina? – Eccola! - Where is the young woman? – Here she is!Hai trovato le chiavi? – Sà ¬, eccole! - Have you found the keys? – Yes, here they are!Eccoli! Sono arrivati! - Here they are! They arrived!Non riesco a trovare le mie penne preferite - Eccole qua amore! - I can’t find my favourite pens.- Here they are honey!

A Visit to the Indiana State Museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Visit to the Indiana State Museum - Essay Example Likewise, as the partner of NHI, it is likewise tasked with enjoining community members to increase their awareness of the rich historical legacy of the state of Indiana and should thereby be instrumental in maintaining cleanliness in the environment, in and outside the perimeter of the museum; as well as assist in conserving natural resources, especially landmark trees within the area. In addition, since it is situated at the heart of the White River State Park, all the more that it extends responsibility towards maintaining cleanliness of the White River and avoid throwing or disposing of anything that could contribute to water or air pollution. As disclosed in its official website, the Indiana State Museum â€Å"with 21,190 square feet of state-of-the-art, high-security collection storage designed for different types of cultural and historical materials, as well as an additional 6,905 square feet for the natural history collections, the Indiana State Museum is superbly equipped t o care for the collections†. Vigilant and highly professional personnel assists in maintaining the pristine condition of its environment and the expertise in preserving the condition of its collections make Indiana State Museum the most effective repository of historical artifacts that would ensure that the future generation would appreciate what has transpired in the history and culture of Indiana’s life. This confirms Indiana State Museum’s commitment to environmental preservation and conservation as paramount among its goals.

Friedrich Nietzsche Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Friedrich Nietzsche - Essay Example â€Å"Beyond Good and Evil† (1886) is a landmark work by Friedrich Nietzsche, which precedes the final, most intense period of his work, marked by summing up the philosophical outcome of the previous human history and the foresight of the major social and spiritual conflicts of the twentieth century. This landmark work allows to continue the development of the idea of superman using new form of sharpened analytical aphorisms, in which the author focuses sharp critique of modernity - its philosophy, science, art, politics and, the most importantly, morality. Analyzing the work â€Å"Beyond Good and Evil† it is necessary to mention that it looks like prophetic work, where the subtitle â€Å"Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future† is no accident, because in his book a German thinker has predicted the coming collapse of European spirituality, and ‘mass uprising’ that followed by the reign of ‘the coming of boor’. He also has predicted levelin g of identity under the banner of universal human equality, and epic struggle for world domination, and totalitarianism as a consequence democratization of Europe. Thus, we see that Nietzsche believes that only a radical reassessment of all European ideals and European morality in general can avoid catastrophic processes of the future. Interpreting main ideas and theories presented in Nietzsche’s prominent work â€Å"Beyond Good and Evil† it is necessary to mention that in the understanding of the history of mankind, developed by Nietzsche, in Western culture unfortunate distinction between ‘good’ and ‘evil’ dominates, distinction, which was especially facilitated by a celebration of Christianity. It is necessary to emphasize that the masses, incited by a burning hatred of aristocratic manners which they could not emulate, often with the support of religious leaders, gave themselves vengeful rejection of aristocracy. In the view of Nietzsche, ‘good’ in the distinction between the good-evil emphasis on equality, self-sacrifice, gentleness, humility, compassion, pity, and other qualities of weakness. Such ‘good’ punishes the noble, aristocratic qualities - assertiveness, daring creative originality, passion, thirst for victory, moreover, it (the ‘good’) calls the above mentioned characteristics as evil. The predominance of such representations of evil, as Nietzsche claimed, is responsible for weakness and mediocrity of those who occupy a dominant position. They destroyed those qualities without which life can not be anything remarkable. According to Nietzsche, the decline of modern society suggests that for satisfying the needs of the superiority still too little is done. However, human existence does not necessarily end at this bleak note. Sometimes, considering himself a voice crying in the wilderness, Nietzsche, however, thought that human life is capable of self- expiation going b eyond good and evil. In this case it is possible to say that spirit of generosity - adoption of life, struggle and victory, a passionate desire to excel - these qualities have to be exalted. However, the purpose of Nietzsche is not doubling of the past, but a return of these essential qualities to modern life. Addressing to main Nietzsche’s arguments it seems that there is every reason to see in Nietzsche himself (using his own phrases) a trend to a personal ‘internalization of freedom’

Of Mice and Men :: English Literature

Of Mice and Men The novel is about the American Dream, where America is meant to be a land built on promise and opportunity. It promises independence, land and a decent living through honest work. It also means, in theory, that anyone can become successful. The American Stock Market on Wall Street crashed catastrophically in 1929, this led to a massive economic depression in the 1930s.Poverty and starvation stalked California and other stricken states. The migrants were worst off. All of the suffering was much worse if you were black; America was still a highly racist and segregated society. The bunkhouse conditions were not very basic "what the hell kind of bed you giving us anyways. We don't want no pants rabbits." The ranch was obviously not nice. The boss is a bit aggressive and doesn't like George speaking for Lennie "then why don't you let him answer ?"He thinks George is getting something from lennie because migrant workers don't normally travel together''you takin' his pay away form him?" Curley the boss' son is a mean character , he dislikes Lennie from the beginning "well nex' time you answer when you are spoken to." Curley dislikes Lennie because he's not big himself. George's version of the American Dream is to own his own land "if I was bright , if I was even a little bit smart , I'd have my own place." George always knew the dream would fail " I think I knowed we'd never do her." George was possibly only possibly using the American Dream as an escape.The fact that he was fond of the American Dream is evident in the personification he refers to the American Dream as 'her'. Lennie's version of the American Dream is to have his own place ,dog, rabbits and chickens "we're gonna have a dog an' rabbits an chickens.'' Lennie and George have the same dream but approach it in a different way. Candy overhears George and Lennie's plans for a place of their own and decides to become a part of that dream " maybe if I give you guys my money ,you'll let me hoe in the garden even after I ain't no good at." This is probably the happiest and most optimistic bit of the whole book. You start to believe their dream is possible. You know it's a great idea and forget it's a dream , it seems to be changing into a practical plan. Crooks reminisces about his child hood when he could play with white kids " the white kids come to our place , an' sometimes I went to play with them and some of them was pretty nice.

Examples of Research Proposal on Physical Activity and Environmental Perception Essay

Background and Rationale Gender is an important confounder in the epidemiology of physical activity, where men are more physically active than women (Aadahl, Kjaer & Jorgensen, 2007; Azevedo et.al., 2007). Within sport research, the focus on race and religiosity from a social science perspective has for a long time been a marginal research area. The early research on race and sport has been criticised for being ethnocentric (Fleming 1994) with stereotypes like ‘Arabic countries are not interested in sports’ or ‘Muslim girls are constrained by their parents from participating’ and that ‘the level of physical activity among Muslim women is low outside and inside their home’. These need further groundwork examination to determine its accuracy. Researchers have explained the low level of participation of women of Asian and North African origin in sports in Europe as a result of both religious and cultural barriers as well as racism and discrimination within sports organisat ions. For example, it is often argued that Muslim immigrant girls face gender-specific barriers that limit their leisure-time activities, such as household responsibilities. Racism as an explanation for the low level of involvement is currently widely accepted among researchers (Carrington and McDonald 2001). Lovell (1991) found that Asian women are often given less attention and discriminated against in physical education because of teachers’ ideas of Asian girls as passive and frail and therefore not interested in sports. Sport participation has scientifically been proven to provide these benefits: lower risk of getting heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, colon cancer, and diabetes, lower high blood pressure, reduced anxiety and depression and improved mood. It also helps cope with stress and control weight, provides more energy, promotes better sleep and overall appearance (Moore, 2007). The Purpose of the Study This research aims to identify the kinds and level of physical activity that Bruneian university students do on their daily routine and association of environmental perception from developing country (Brunei) and developed country (United Kingdom). The study will look into the physical activity engagement of the target group within a period of 7 days. Research Question: 1. Are the gender differences in physical activity among Bruneian University students studying in the United Kingdom? 2. Are there differences in perception of the environment between male and female among Bruneian university students in the United Kingdom? Procedures and Protocols This research will be using quantitative methods of data gathering in the form of a survey. Snowball sampling will be used in this research. Approximately 150 Bruneian University students are expected to participate in the survey, consisting of 50% males and 50% females. All Bruneian students must be study in the United Kingdom for at least one year of academic year or two terms (2010/2011). The participants will be volunteers and the age range is from 18 to 59 years old. The participants will be recruited if they show interest in an email sent out from a social networking service (Facebook). The participants will be examined based on their time spent (moderate to vigorous activity) being physically active in the last 7 days, with the data examined through transcription and content analysis as well as environmental perception. Survey Questionnaires This study will use various self-administered survey questionnaires that are designed to determine the kinds of daily physical activity that Bruneian University students engage in as part of their daily routine, especially within a period 7 days. This study will look into the time spent by respondents sitting as an indicator of sedentary behaviour. In each of the four domains, the number of days per week and time per day spent in both moderate and vigorous activity will be recorded. There are three levels of physical activity proposed to classify respondents – ‘low’, ’moderate’, and ‘high’. Another set of questionnaire will be focus on their environmental perception on the environmental factor from Brunei to United Kingdom. The data needed will be derived from direct surveys, opinion or Internet surveys and literature review Data Analysis Methods The physical activity data from the questionnaire will be transformed into energy expenditure estimates as MET. To calculate the weekly physical  activity (MET-h week-1), the number of hours dedicated to each activity class will be multiplied by the speciï ¬ c-MET score for that activity and statistically analysed. This will be used to find significant relationships between and among the data gathered. The data will be analyzed using PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS). The correlation between physical activity level and environmental perception will be analyzed. Likely Value of Results The results will show us the continuous measure of physical activity and will be reported as median MET-minutes. Median values and interquartile ranges can be computed for walking (W), moderate-intensity activities (M), and vigorous-intensity activities (V) within the time period surveyed. Total scores may also be calculated for walking (W), moderate-intensity activities (M), and vigorous-intensity activities (V) for each domain (work, transport, domestic and garden, and leisure) to provide an aggregate summary of the data. The result of this study can be use as an intervention for Bruneian students that study in UK or any other country in order to improve their health and physical activity. References: Carrington B, and McDonald, I (2001).â€Å"Race,† sport and British society. London. Fleming, S. (1994). Sport and South Asian youth: the perils of ‘false universalism’ and stereotyping. Leisure Studies 13(3), pp. 159–177. Moore, K. (2004). Muslim Women Athletes Move Ahead, But Don’t Leave Faith Behind. Physical Activity. Lovel. T (1991), Sport, racism and young women, in G. Jarvie (ed.), Sport, racism and ethnicity, London 58–73. Aadahl M, Kjaer M, Jorgensen T. (2007) Influence of time spent on TV viewing and vigorous intensity physical activity on cardiovascular biomarkers. The Inter 99 Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil ; 14: 660-5. Azevedo MR, Araujo CL, Reichert FF, Siqueira FV, da Silva MC, Hallal PC. (2007). Gender differences in leisure-time and physical activity. International Journal of Public Health; 52: 8-15.